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White Paper:  "The Truth About Cursive Handwriting: Why it matters in a digital age"

See the Paper

Read the whole paper or download it!  We have it online for your convenience!  Click on the link to the left.

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University and Peer Review Research regarding handwriting:

The Pen is Mightier than the Keyboard: The Advantages of Writing Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking
By: Mueller, P.A., Oppenheimer, D.M.
Psychological Science, A Journal of the Association of Psychological Science

1. Published online before print April 23, 2014, doi:10.1177/0956797614524581Psychological Science June 2014 vol. 25 no. 6 1159-1168

Relationship Between Visuomotor and Handwriting Skills of Children in Kindergarten

By:  Weil, M.J., Cunningham Amundson, S.J.  
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 
November/December 1994, Vol. 48, 982-988. doi:10.5014/ajot.48.11.982
Weblink:  http://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1873376

A Review of Handwriting Research: Progress and Prospects from 1980-1994
By: Graham, S. & Weintraub, N.
Educational Psychology Review
8, 7-87

Association between low-income children's fine motor skills in preschool and academic performance in 2nd grade.
By:  Dinhart, L., & Manfra, L.
Early Education and Development
2013; 24(2), 138-161.

Role of mechanics in composing of elementary school students: A new methodological approach
By: Graham, S., Berninger, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Abbott, S.P, & Whitaker, D.
Journal of Educational Psychology
1997, 89(1), 170-182

Improving the writing performance of young struggling writers
By: Graham, S. & Harris, K.R. 
The Journal of Special Education
2005, 39, 19-33

Handwriting instruction in elementary schools
By:  Asher, A.  
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2006; 60, 461–471-461–471. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1870050

Handwriting: An underestimated skill in the development of written language.
By: Christensen, C., & Jones, D. 
Handwriting Today
2000; 2, 56-69

Perceptions Regarding School-Based Occupational Therapy For Children With Emotional Disturbances
By: Barnes, K. J., A. J. Beck, K. A. Vogel, K. O. Grice, and D. Murphy.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy  
1992; 46(10): 898-903;  doi: 10.5014/ajot.44.8.736

Incidence of Atypical Pencil Grasps Among Nondysfunctional Adults
By: Bergmann, K. P.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
1990-12-01; 44(8): 736-749

Prediction of School Performance Using the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP): A Validity Study
By: Parush, S., M. Winokur, S. Goldstand, and L. J. Miller.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 
2002-12-01, 56(5):547-555. doi: 10.5014/ajot.56.5.547 


Rehabilitation Research Focused on Neurorehabilitation
By: Gillen, Glen.   
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
2010-12-01, 64(2):341-356. doi: 10.5014/ajot.64.2.341 


Performance Challenges For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information: A Systematic Review
By: Koenig, K. P., and S. G. Rudney.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2010, 64(3):430-442. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09073 


Examining The Neuroscience Evidence For Sensory-Driven Neuroplasticity: Implications For Sensory-Based Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents
By: Lane, S. J., and R. C. Schaaf.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2010; 64(3):375-390.    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09069

Exploring The Effectiveness Of Occupational Therapy Interventions, Other Than The Sensory Integration Approach, With Children And Adolescents Experiencing Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Polatajko, H. J., and N. Cantin.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
2010; 64(3):415-429.    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09072 


Comparison of Pencil-Grip Patterns in First Graders With Good and Poor Writing Skills
By: Schneck, C. M..
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1991-12-01; 45(8):701-706.   doi: 10.5014/ajot.45.8.701 


Methodology For The Systematic Reviews Of Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Arbesman, M., and D. Lieberman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2010; 64(3):368-374. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09068

Methodology For The Systematic Reviews Of Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Arbesman, M., and D. Lieberman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2010; 64(3):368-374. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09068 


Facilitating Written Work Using Computer Word Processing and Word Prediction
By: Handley-More, D., J. Deitz, F. F. Billingsley, and T. E. Coggins.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2003-12-01; 57(2):139-151. doi: 10.5014/ajot.57.2.139 


Effect of Classroom Modification on Attention and Engagement of Students With Autism or Dyspraxia
By: Kinnealey, M., B. Pfeiffer, J. Miller, C. Roan, R. Shoener, and M. L. Ellner.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2012; 66(5):511-519. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.004010 


Effect of Life Review Writing on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
By: Chippendale, T., and J. Bear-Lehman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2012; 66(4):438-446. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.004291 


Broadening the Occupational Therapy Toolkit: An Executive Functioning Lens for Occupational Therapy With Children and Youth
By: Cramm, H., T. Krupa, C. Missiuna, R. M. Lysaght, and K. C. H. Parker.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2013-12-06; 67(6):e139-e147. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.008607 


A Sensorimotor Program for Improving Writing Readiness Skills in Elementary-Age Children
By: Oliver, C. E..
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1990-12-01; 44(2):111-116. doi: 10.5014/ajot.44.2.111 


The Influence of Ergonomic Factors and Perceptual-Motor Abilities on Handwriting Performance
By: Tseng, M. H., and S. A. Cermak.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1993-12-01; 47(10):919-926. doi: 10.5014/ajot.47.10.919 


Relationship Between Visuomotor and Handwriting Skills of Children in Kindergarten
By: Weil, M. J., and S. J. Cunningham Amundson.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1994; 48(11):982-988. doi: 10.5014/ajot.48.11.982 


Factors That Relate to Good and Poor Handwriting
By: Cornhill, H., and J. Case-Smith.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 
1996; 50(9):732-739. doi: 10.5014/ajot.50.9.732 


Detection and identification of cursive handwriting movement characteristics among young children.
By: Bonneton-Botte, N., De La Haye, F., Marec-Breton, N., & Bara, F.   
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue, 
(2012).  66(3), 164-171.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028369

Functional asymmetries in the quality of handwriting movements: A kinematic analysis
By: Phillips, J., Gallucci, R., & Bradshaw, J. 
Neuropsychology, 
(April 1999)  13(2), 291-297. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.13.2.291

Visual cues and the handwriting of older adults: A kinematic analysis
By:  Slavin, M., Phillips, J., & Bradshaw, J.  
Psychology and Aging, 
(1996). 11(3), 521-526. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.521

Comparative speed of joined and unjoined writing strokes
By:  Hildreth, G. 
Journal of Educational Psychology,
(1945)  36(2), 91-102. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0055305 

An experimental comparison of the movements in manuscript writing and cursive writing
By:  Gray, W.  
Journal of Educational Psychology, 
(Apr. 1930)  21(4), 259-272. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0075967

A Subconscious Phenomenon
By:  Cory, Charles.  
The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 
(Feb. 1920). 14(6), 369-375. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0073624

Additional researches on learning to spell: The questions of "transfer" and of "direct" versus "indirect" methods.
By:  Winch, W. H.   
Journal of Educational Psychology, 
(1916)   7(2), 93-110. Vol 7(2), Feb 1916, 93-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0075509

Perceptions Regarding School-Based Occupational Therapy For Children With Emotional Disturbances
By: Barnes, K. J., A. J. Beck, K. A. Vogel, K. O. Grice, and D. Murphy.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy  
1992; 46(10): 898-903;  doi: 10.5014/ajot.44.8.736

Incidence of Atypical Pencil Grasps Among Nondysfunctional Adults
By: Bergmann, K. P.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
1990-12-01; 44(8): 736-749

Prediction of School Performance Using the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP): A Validity Study
By: Parush, S., M. Winokur, S. Goldstand, and L. J. Miller.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 
2002-12-01, 56(5):547-555. doi: 10.5014/ajot.56.5.547 


Rehabilitation Research Focused on Neurorehabilitation
By: Gillen, Glen.   
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
2010-12-01, 64(2):341-356. doi: 10.5014/ajot.64.2.341 


Performance Challenges For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information: A Systematic Review
By: Koenig, K. P., and S. G. Rudney.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2010, 64(3):430-442. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09073 


Examining The Neuroscience Evidence For Sensory-Driven Neuroplasticity: Implications For Sensory-Based Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents
By: Lane, S. J., and R. C. Schaaf.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2010; 64(3):375-390.    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09069

Exploring The Effectiveness Of Occupational Therapy Interventions, Other Than The Sensory Integration Approach, With Children And Adolescents Experiencing Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Polatajko, H. J., and N. Cantin.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
2010; 64(3):415-429.    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09072 


Comparison of Pencil-Grip Patterns in First Graders With Good and Poor Writing Skills
By: Schneck, C. M..
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1991-12-01; 45(8):701-706.   doi: 10.5014/ajot.45.8.701 


Methodology For The Systematic Reviews Of Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Arbesman, M., and D. Lieberman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2010; 64(3):368-374. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09068

Methodology For The Systematic Reviews Of Occupational Therapy For Children And Adolescents With Difficulty Processing And Integrating Sensory Information
By: Arbesman, M., and D. Lieberman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2010; 64(3):368-374. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09068 


Facilitating Written Work Using Computer Word Processing and Word Prediction
By: Handley-More, D., J. Deitz, F. F. Billingsley, and T. E. Coggins.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2003-12-01; 57(2):139-151. doi: 10.5014/ajot.57.2.139 


Effect of Classroom Modification on Attention and Engagement of Students With Autism or Dyspraxia
By: Kinnealey, M., B. Pfeiffer, J. Miller, C. Roan, R. Shoener, and M. L. Ellner.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2012; 66(5):511-519. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.004010 


Effect of Life Review Writing on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
By: Chippendale, T., and J. Bear-Lehman.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2012; 66(4):438-446. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.004291 


Broadening the Occupational Therapy Toolkit: An Executive Functioning Lens for Occupational Therapy With Children and Youth
By: Cramm, H., T. Krupa, C. Missiuna, R. M. Lysaght, and K. C. H. Parker.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 
2013-12-06; 67(6):e139-e147. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.008607 


A Sensorimotor Program for Improving Writing Readiness Skills in Elementary-Age Children
By: Oliver, C. E..
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1990-12-01; 44(2):111-116. doi: 10.5014/ajot.44.2.111 


The Influence of Ergonomic Factors and Perceptual-Motor Abilities on Handwriting Performance
By: Tseng, M. H., and S. A. Cermak.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1993-12-01; 47(10):919-926. doi: 10.5014/ajot.47.10.919 


Relationship Between Visuomotor and Handwriting Skills of Children in Kindergarten
By: Weil, M. J., and S. J. Cunningham Amundson.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy 
1994; 48(11):982-988. doi: 10.5014/ajot.48.11.982 


Factors That Relate to Good and Poor Handwriting
By: Cornhill, H., and J. Case-Smith.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 
1996; 50(9):732-739. doi: 10.5014/ajot.50.9.732 


Detection and identification of cursive handwriting movement characteristics among young children.
By: Bonneton-Botte, N., De La Haye, F., Marec-Breton, N., & Bara, F.   
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue, 
(2012).  66(3), 164-171.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028369

Functional asymmetries in the quality of handwriting movements: A kinematic analysis
By: Phillips, J., Gallucci, R., & Bradshaw, J. 
Neuropsychology, 
(April 1999)  13(2), 291-297. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.13.2.291

Visual cues and the handwriting of older adults: A kinematic analysis
By:  Slavin, M., Phillips, J., & Bradshaw, J.  
Psychology and Aging, 
(1996). 11(3), 521-526. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.521

Comparative speed of joined and unjoined writing strokes
By:  Hildreth, G. 
Journal of Educational Psychology,
(1945)  36(2), 91-102. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0055305 

An experimental comparison of the movements in manuscript writing and cursive writing
By:  Gray, W.  
Journal of Educational Psychology, 
(Apr. 1930)  21(4), 259-272. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0075967

A Subconscious Phenomenon
By:  Cory, Charles.  
The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 
(Feb. 1920). 14(6), 369-375. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0073624

Additional researches on learning to spell: The questions of "transfer" and of "direct" versus "indirect" methods.
By:  Winch, W. H.   
Journal of Educational Psychology, 
(1916)   7(2), 93-110. Vol 7(2), Feb 1916, 93-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0075509